Summary Informed consent is supposed to be the moment a research participant fully understands what they're agreeing to. In practice, it rarely works that way. Fewer than 10% of participants report reading an entire consent form before signing it,⁵ and in controlled comprehension tests, only 28% of participants could correctly answer basic questions about what they'd just consented to.⁵ The gap is widest for the communities research is most supposed to serve: people with lowe

Summary Women are the fastest-growing segment of the U.S. incarcerated population — up more than sevenfold since 1980, even as overall crime has fallen. Roughly 70% of incarcerated women meet clinical criteria for a substance use disorder, and formerly incarcerated women are more likely than formerly incarcerated men to become homeless after release. In New York, women make up a small share of the state prison population (about 4%) but face a reentry system built almost entir